Formulation and Evaluation of Antifungal Soap of Garlic Oil

Rutuja R. Shah¹, Mr. Rohan R. Vakhariya²

¹Department of Pharmaceutics, Anandi Pharmacy College, Kalambe, Tal. Karveer, Dist. Kolhapur, Maharashtra, India. 416205

²Department of Pharmaceutics, Rajarambapu College of Pharmacy, Kasegaon, Tal. Walwa, Dist. Sangli, Maharashtra, India. 415404

*Corresponding Author E-mail: shaha.rutu@gmail.com

ABSTRACT:

Antifungal soap is type of soap that may help people get rid of various fungal infections. This type of soap is typically effective against athlete’s foot and jock itch. It may also be useful for treating other non-fungal skin conditions such as psoriasis and eczema. Much antifungal soaps are very safe to use because the majority contain natural substances. These soaps are widely available at many food and drug stores and can also be purchased online. In present work antifungal soap of garlic oil is formulated for the fungal infection. The most common problem in people is related to the fungal infection. Hence research was carried out on fungal infection which can cure by preparing antifungal soap. The prepared herbal soap formulation exhibited a good antifungal effect. The prepared formulation was evaluated for various physicochemical parameters for which good characteristics were observed. The easy availability of plant and their effectiveness helps manufacturers with cost-effective benefits and with less or no side effects. The advantage of this antifungal soap of garlic oil is to treat fungal infection. It may also be useful for treating other non-fungal skin conditions such as psoriasis and eczema.

KEYWORDS: antifungal, soap, garlic oil, evaluation, cost effective.

1. INTRODUCTION:

India has a rich heritage of traditional medicine constituting with its different components like Ayurveda, Siddha and Unani. Traditional health care has been flourishing in this country for many centuries. Ayurveda and other Indian systems of medicines may be explored with the modern scientific approaches for better leads in the health care¹. Antifungal soap is types of soap that may help people get rid of various fungal infections.

This type of soap is typically effective against athlete’s foot and jock itch. It may also be useful for treating other non-fungal skin conditions such as psoriasis and eczema. Athlete’s foot is a condition that antifungal soap may be able to eliminate with periodic use. This type of infection is often caught by people who frequently use public showers. Places like truck stops, public swimming areas, and fitness centers that have showers are some of the most likely places to pick up athlete’s foot.

In present work garlic oil is used, because garlic has been known for its antibacterial properties for decades². When garlic cloves are chopped or crushed, a compound called alliin comes into contact with an enzyme called allinase, which forms an antibacterial chemical called allicin. According to Castleman, Allicin is effective for destroying fungi as well as bacteria. According to Susumu Yoshida, author of “Antifungal Activity of Ajoene Derived from Garlic,” Ajoene, another chemical compound in garlic cloves, can also be isolated to produce even stronger antifungal properties. Ajoene has been shown to be effective against a variety of bacterial and fungal strains, including Candida glabrata, Trichophytonmentagrophytes and Staphylococcus aureus, although the specific mechanism for destroying fungi and bacteria is unknown³. Garlic oil contains volatile sulfur compounds such as diallyl disulfide, which is the “most abundant constituent” of essential garlic oil. Steam-distilled garlic oil typically has a pungent odor and a yellow-brownish coloration. Its odour has been attributed to the presence of diallyl disulfide. To produce around 1g of pure steam-distilled garlic oil, around 500g garlic is required. Steam-distilled garlic oil has around 900 times the strength of fresh garlic, and around 200 times the strength of dehydrated garlic. Ether can also be used to extract garlic oil⁴. A type of garlic oil involves soaking diced or crushed garlic in vegetable oil, but this is not pure garlic oil; rather it is garlic-infused oil.

2. MATERIALS AND METHODS:

2.1. Materials:

The fresh garlic oil was collected from local market. All the ingredients used were of analytical grade.

2.2. Formulation Table:

Table No. 1: Formulation of Antifungal Soap

Sr. No.	Ingredients	Quantity	Role of Ingredients
1	Soap base	15gm	Cleansing agent
2	Garlic oil	3ml	Antifungal agent
3	Glycerine	3.5ml	Moisturizing agent
4	Distilled Water	2.5ml	Vehicle
5	Methyl paraben	0.1mg	Preservative
6	Perfume	q.s.	Fragrance

2.3. Procedure:

1. Weight required quantity of soap base and transfer to porcelain dish.

2. Porcelain dish was heated on water bath for liquefy soap base and soap base were stir continuously by glass rod.

3. After liquefy of soap base add given quantity of garlic oil drop wise.

4. Take distilled water in separate beaker and Add glycerine, methyl paraben and stir continuously.

5. Then porcelain dish removed from water bath and add solution present in beaker in porcelain dish with continuous stirring.

6. Add perfume as quantity sufficient for fragrance.

7. At last the liquid was poured into the molds then allowed to solidify at room temperature and observed the many changes in characteristics of prepared soap^5,6.

3. Evaluation of Physicochemical Parameters of the Prepared Formulation:

3.1. Organoleptic evaluation:

Organoleptic evaluation (color, clarity) was done by sensory and visual inspection.

3.2. Determination of pH:

The pH of prepared herbal formulation (soap) was determined by using a digital pH meter.

3.3. Determination of percentage free alkali:

Dissolved 5gm of prepared herbal soap in 50ml of neutralized alcohol in a conical flask. Then boiled under the reflux on a water bath for 30 minutes. Then cooled and added 1ml of phenolphthalein solution as an indicator. Then the solution was titrated with 0.1 HCL.

3.4. Foam Height:

Dissolved 0.5gm of prepared soap in distilled water then make up the volume up to 50ml with distilled water in 100ml measuring cylinder. Measured the foam height, above the aqueous volume by given 25 strokes.

3.5. Foam Retention:

Prepared the 25ml of the 1% soap solution and transferred into the 100ml of measuring cylinder. Then the cylinder was shaken 10 times. The volume of foam was recorded at one minute for 4 to 5 minutes⁷.

3.6. Alcohol Insoluble Matter:

Dissolved 5gm of prepared soap in warm ethanol. Then filter the solution with a tared filter paper. Then dried filter paper at 105ºC. Then the weight of the dried paper was taken and calculated than % alcohol insoluble matter.

Percentage of alcohol insoluble matter = weight of residue × 100 / weight of the sample.

3.7. Microbial Study:

Microbial study has been carried out using microorganism such as proteus vulgaris, bacillus, klebsiella pneumoniae, staphylococcus aureus, pseudomonas aeruginosa, for measuring the effectiveness of an antimicrobial agent against fungi/bacteria grown in culture, the microorganism of the interest was swabbed uniformly across a culture plate. Then soap of 5 x 5 mm was placed on the surface of the agar. Then the plates were placed in the incubator for 24 hrs at 30⁰C^{8, 9}.

4. RESULT AND DISCUSSION:

4.1. Physicochemical Parameter of Herbal Soap Formulation:

Table No. 2: Physicochemical Parameter of Antifungal Soap Formulation

Sr. No.	Parameter	Result
1.	Formulation	Soap
2.	Colour	Yellow
3.	Odour	Aromatic
4.	Appearance	Good
5.	pH	7.3
6.	% Free alkali	0.32
7.	Foam height (cm)	24 cm
8.	Foam retention (min)	2.5 min
9.	Alcohol insoluble matter	10.2 %

4.2. Zone of Inhibition Obtained in Microbial Study:

Table No. 3: Antimicrobial Testing on Antifungal Soap

Sr.No.	Microorganism	Diameter of zone of inhibition
Sr.No.	Microorganism	F3	Std.
1.	Proteus Vulgaris	1.8cm	1.7cm
2.	Proteus Vulgaris	3cm	1.6cm
3.	Bacillus	1.5cm	1.2cm
4.	Bacillus	1.5cm	0.8cm
5.	pseudomonas aeruginosa	1.3cm	1cm
6.	pseudomonas aeruginosa	1.1cm	0.9cm
7.	Staphylococcus aureus	3cm	1.7cm
8.	klebsiella pneumonia	1.1cm	1cm

4.3. Zone of Inhibition against Various Microorganisms:

Fig. No. 1 Antifungal activity of the formulated herbal soap.

5. CONCLUSION:

Soaps are generally used for the removal of germs and for cleaning purpose. Soap using is very common & now day’s especially antifungal soaps are very popular. Different research articles claim that antifungal soaps we can get dual functions, removal as well as killing of bacteria. The purpose of study was to determine the antifungal activity of garlic oil. This study suggested that antifungal soaps are used to remove and kill fungal infections as well as prevents body odour which is cause by bacterial growth.

6. REFERENCES:

1. Rohan R. Vakhariya*, Swati Talokar, Archana R. Dhole, Dr. S.K. Mohite, Dr. C.S. Magdum, Comparative Standardization Study of Two Marketed Shatavari Churna Formulation, Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical Analysis, 2016, 6 (1), 1-6.

2. Yoshida, S., Kasuga, S., Hayashi, N., Ushiroguchi T., Matsuura H., Nakagawa, Antifungal activity of ajoene derived from garlic, Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 53, 1987, 615–617.

3. Davis S.R., Perrie R., Apitz-Castro R., The in vitro susceptibility of Scedosporiumprolificans to ajoene, allitridium and a raw extract of garlic (Allium sativum), J. Antimicrob. Chemother.,51, 2003, 593–597.

4. Harris J.C., Cottrell S., Plummer S., Lloyd D, Antimicrobial properties of Allium sativum (garlic), Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol., 57, 2001, 282–286.

5. Shao P.L., Huang L.M., Hsueh P.R., Recent advances and challenges in the treatment of invasive fungal infections. Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents, 2007, 30, 487-495.

6. Salci T.P., Gimenes M., Santos C.A., Svidzinski, Caparroz-Assef, Utilization of fluconazole in an intensive care unit at a university hospital in Brazil., Int. J. Clin. Pharm. 2013, 35 (2), 176-180.

7. Powar P.V, Bhandari N.R, Ashwini A, Sharma P.H, Formulation and Evaluation of Poly Herbal AntiBacterial Gel Based Hand Wash, International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences Review and Research, 2015, 33(1), 79-82.

8. http://www.fda .gov

9. Weisser R, Asscher A.W., Winpenny J., In vitro reversal of antibiotic resistance by DTA, Nature, 219, 1966, 1365-1366.

Received on 07.12.2019 Modified on 31.12.2019

Asian J. Pharm. Res. 2020; 10(1):13-16.

DOI: 10.5958/2231-5691.2020.00003.9

3. Evaluation of Physicochemical Parameters of the Prepared Formulation:

3.1. Organoleptic evaluation:

Organoleptic evaluation (color, clarity) was done by sensory and visual inspection.

3.2. Determination of pH:

The pH of prepared herbal formulation (soap) was determined by using a digital pH meter.

3.3. Determination of percentage free alkali:

Dissolved 5gm of prepared herbal soap in 50ml of neutralized alcohol in a conical flask. Then boiled under the reflux on a water bath for 30 minutes. Then cooled and added 1ml of phenolphthalein solution as an indicator. Then the solution was titrated with 0.1 HCL.

3.4. Foam Height:

Dissolved 0.5gm of prepared soap in distilled water then make up the volume up to 50ml with distilled water in 100ml measuring cylinder. Measured the foam height, above the aqueous volume by given 25 strokes.

3.5. Foam Retention:

Prepared the 25ml of the 1% soap solution and transferred into the 100ml of measuring cylinder. Then the cylinder was shaken 10 times. The volume of foam was recorded at one minute for 4 to 5 minutes7.

3.6. Alcohol Insoluble Matter:

Dissolved 5gm of prepared soap in warm ethanol. Then filter the solution with a tared filter paper. Then dried filter paper at 105ºC. Then the weight of the dried paper was taken and calculated than % alcohol insoluble matter.

Percentage of alcohol insoluble matter = weight of residue × 100 / weight of the sample.

3.7. Microbial Study:

Sr. No.

Parameter

Result

1.

Formulation

Soap

2.

Colour

Yellow

3.

Odour

Aromatic

4.

Appearance

Good

5.

pH

7.3

6.

% Free alkali

0.32

7.

Foam height (cm)

24 cm

8.

Foam retention (min)

2.5 min

9.

Alcohol insoluble matter

10.2 %

4.2. Zone of Inhibition Obtained in Microbial Study:

5. CONCLUSION:

6. REFERENCES:

Prepared the 25ml of the 1% soap solution and transferred into the 100ml of measuring cylinder. Then the cylinder was shaken 10 times. The volume of foam was recorded at one minute for 4 to 5 minutes⁷.